Wednesday 4 September 2013
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Linux Terminal Command Reference

03:55


System Info

date – Show the current date and time cal – Show this month's calendar uptime – Show current uptime w – Display who is online whoami – Who you are logged in as finger user – Display information about user uname -a – Show kernel information cat /proc/cpuinfo – CPU information cat /proc/meminfo – Memory information df – Show disk usage du – Show directory space usage free – Show memory and swap usage

Keyboard Shortcuts

Enter – Run the command Up Arrow – Show the previous command Ctrl + R – Allows you to type a part of the command you're looking for and finds it
Ctrl + Z – Stops the current command, resume with fg in the foreground or bg in the background Ctrl + C – Halts the current command, cancel the current operation and/or start with a fresh new line Ctrl + L – Clear the screen
command | less – Allows the scrolling of the bash command window using Shift + Up Arrow and Shift + Down Arrow !! – Repeats the last command command  !$ – Repeats the last argument of the previous command Esc + . (a period) – Insert the last argument of the previous command on the fly, which enables you to edit it before executing the command
Ctrl + A – Return to the start of the command you're typing Ctrl + E – Go to the end of the command you're typing Ctrl + U – Cut everything before the cursor to a special clipboard, erases the whole line Ctrl + K – Cut everything after the cursor to a special clipboard Ctrl + Y – Paste from the special clipboard that Ctrl + U and Ctrl + K save their data to Ctrl + T – Swap the two characters before the cursor (you can actually use this to transport a character from the left to the right, try it!) Ctrl + W – Delete the word / argument left of the cursor in the current line
Ctrl + D – Log out of current session, similar to exit

Learn the Commands

apropos subject – List manual pages for subject man -k keyword – Display man pages containing keyword man command – Show the manual for command man -t man | ps2pdf - > man.pdf  – Make a pdf of a manual page which command – Show full path name of command time command – See how long a command takes
whereis app – Show possible locations of app which app – Show which app will be run by default; it shows the full path

Searching

grep pattern files – Search for pattern in files grep -r pattern dir – Search recursively for pattern in dir command | grep pattern – Search for pattern in the output of command locate file – Find all instances of file find / -name filename – Starting with the root directory, look for the file called filename find / -name ”*filename*” – Starting with the root directory, look for the file containing the stringfilename locate filename – Find a file called filename using the locate command; this assumes you have already used the command updatedb (see next) updatedb – Create or update the database of files on all file systems attached to the Linux root directory which filename – Show the subdirectory containing the executable file  called filename grep TextStringToFind /dir – Starting with the directory called dir, look for and list all files containingTextStringToFind

File Permissions

chmod octal file – Change the permissions of file to octal, which can be found separately for user, group, and world by adding: 4 – read (r), 2 – write (w), 1 – execute (x) Examples: chmod 777 – read, write, execute for all chmod 755 – rwx for owner, rx for group and world For more options, see man chmod.

File Commands

ls – Directory listing ls -l – List files in current directory using long format ls -laC – List all files in current directory in long format and display in columns ls -F – List files in current directory and indicate the file type ls -al – Formatted listing with hidden files
cd dir – Change directory to dir cd – Change to home mkdir dir – Create a directory dir pwd – Show current directory
rm name – Remove a file or directory called name rm -r dir – Delete directory dir rm -f file – Force remove file rm -rf dir – Force remove an entire directory dir and all it’s included files and subdirectories (use with extreme caution)
cp file1 file2 – Copy file1 to file2 cp -r dir1 dir2 – Copy dir1 to dir2; create dir2 if it doesn't exist cp file /home/dirname – Copy the file called filename to the /home/dirname directory
mv file /home/dirname – Move the file called filename to the /home/dirname directory mv file1 file2 – Rename or move file1 to file2; if file2 is an existing directory, moves file1 into directoryfile2
ln -s file link – Create symbolic link link to file touch file – Create or update file cat > file – Places standard input into file cat file – Display the file called file
more file – Display the file called file one page at a time, proceed to next page using the spacebar head file – Output the first 10 lines of file head -20 file – Display the first 20 lines of the file called file tail file – Output the last 10 lines of file tail -20 file – Display the last 20 lines of the file called file tail -f file – Output the contents of file as it grows, starting with the last 10 lines

Compression

tar cf file.tar files – Create a tar named file.tar containing files tar xf file.tar – Extract the files from file.tar
tar czf file.tar.gz files – Create a tar with Gzip compression tar xzf file.tar.gz – Extract a tar using Gzip
tar cjf file.tar.bz2 – Create a tar with Bzip2 compression tar xjf file.tar.bz2 – Extract a tar using Bzip2
gzip file – Compresses file and renames it to file.gz gzip -d file.gz – Decompresses file.gz back to file

Printing

/etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd start – Start the print daemon /etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd stop – Stop the print daemon /etc/rc.d/init.d/lpd status – Display status of the print daemon lpq – Display jobs in print queue lprm – Remove jobs from queue lpr – Print a file lpc – Printer control tool man subject | lpr – Print the manual page called subject as plain text man -t subject | lpr – Print the manual page called subject as Postscript output printtool – Start X printer setup interface

Network

ifconfig – List IP addresses for all devices on the local machine ping host – Ping host and output results whois domain – Get whois information for domain dig domain – Get DNS information for domain dig -x host – Reverse lookup host wget file – Download file wget -c file – Continue a stopped download

SSH

ssh user@host – Connect to host as user ssh -p port user@host – Connect to host on port port as user ssh-copy-id user@host – Add your key to host for user to enable a keyed or passwordless login

User Administration

adduser accountname – Create a new user call accountname passwd accountname – Give accountname a new password su – Log in as superuser from current login exit – Stop being superuser and revert to normal user

Process Management

ps – Display your currently active processes top – Display all running processes kill pid – Kill process id pid killall proc – Kill all processes named proc (use with extreme caution) bg – Lists stopped or background jobs; resume a stopped job in the background fg – Brings the most recent job to foreground fg n – Brings job n to the foreground

Installation from source

./configure make make install dpkg -i pkg.deb – install a DEB package (Debian / Ubuntu / Linux Mint) rpm -Uvh pkg.rpm – install a RPM package (Red Hat / Fedora)

Stopping & Starting

shutdown -h now – Shutdown the system now and do not reboot halt – Stop all processes - same as above shutdown -r 5 – Shutdown the system in 5 minutes and reboot shutdown -r now – Shutdown the system now and reboot reboot – Stop all processes and then reboot - same as above startx – Start the X system

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